fa بهینه سازی محیط کشت پرآوری و ریشه زایی خیار گلخانه ای براساس غلظت های مختلف نیتروژن و ساکارز عمومى General پژوهشي Research <div style="text-align: justify;">در این مطالعه، تأثیر غلظت‌های مختلف نیتروژن کل (50، 55، 60 (شاهد)، 65 و 70 میلی‌مولار) به عنوان فاکتور اول و ساکارز (20، 30 (شاهد) و 40 گرم در لیتر) به عنوان فاکتور دوم بر روی پرآوری و ریشه‌زایی خیار گلخانه‌ای رقم سلطان با استفاده از ریزنمونه‌های جوانه جانبی و انتهایی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین وزن تر و خشک شاخساره در 40 گرم بر لیتر ساکارز و همچنین بیشترین وزن تر شاخساره و کالوس در 70 میلی‌مولار نیتروژن مشاهده شد. محیط‌های کشت حاوی 20 و 30 گرم بر لیتر ساکارز و 50 تا 70 میلی‌مولار نیتروژن به‌عنوان محیط کشت مناسب برای طول شاخساره شناسایی شدند. حداکثر تعداد گره در هر شاخساره در محیط کشت حاوی 30 گرم بر لیتر ساکارز به‌دست آمد و حداکثر طول شاخساره در غلظت‌های 20 و 30 گرم بر لیتر ساکارز حاصل شد. در غلظت‌های 50، 60 و 70 میلی‌مولار نیتروژن، وزن تر شاخساره به‌طور قابل توجهی افزایش یافت. جوانه‌های جانبی حاصل از کشت جوانه انتهایی در محیط کشت MS بدون هورمون و با 5 غلظت نیتروژن و سه غلظت ساکارز و 0/1 میلی‌مولار ایندول بوتیریک اسید (IBA) ریشه‌دار شدند. حداکثر تعداد گره در هر شاخساره و همچنین حداکثر طول شاخساره و ریشه در محیط کشت حاوی 20 و 30 گرم بر لیتر ساکارز تولید شد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که غلظت‌های مختلف نیتروژن و ساکارز تأثیرات معناداری بر پرآوری و ریشه‌زایی خیار گلخانه‌ای رقم سلطان داشتند. براساس نتایج تحقیق، توصیه می‌شود که غلظت ساکارز و نیتروژن کل به‌دقت تنظیم شوند تا تأثیرات مثبت بر رشد گیاهان به حداکثر برسد و از کاهش تعداد گره‌ها جلوگیری شود. همچنین، انتقال تدریجی گیاهچه‌ها به گلخانه و استفاده از پرلایت استریل ‌شده به‌عنوان بستر کشت می‌تواند به حفظ رطوبت و افزایش شانس زنده ماندن گیاهچه‌ها کمک کند.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Extended Abstract<br> Introduction: Cucumber is a mineral-rich vegetable known for its detoxifying and antioxidant properties. While traditional cucumber varieties produce both male and female flowers, greenhouse cucumbers mainly produce female flowers. Seed propagation is common, but the high cost of hybrid seeds and the labor-intensive production process make in-vitro micropropagation a viable alternative. This study aims to optimize tissue culture techniques for cucumber to enhance micropropagation, improve plantlet regeneration, and address hybrid seed production issues while identifying disease-resistant and salt-tolerant varieties.<br> <br> Materials and Methods: This study investigated the effects of different concentrations of total nitrogen (50, 55, 60 (control), 65, and 70 mM) and sucrose (20, 30, and 40 g l-1) in a factorial design within a completely randomized design with four replications on the propagation and rooting of the greenhouse cucumber cultivar Sultan, using lateral and terminal bud explants. The measured traits in this study included: (1) the percentage of established explants (the number of developed samples relative to the total number of explants) after 15 days; (2) the percentage of explants that developed nodes (the number of nodes producing lateral shoots relative to the total explants cultured) after 30 days; (3) the average shoot length after 30 days; (4) the number of shoots produced per explant after 30 days; (5) the number of leaves produced per shoot after 15 and 30 days; (6) the percentage of shoots producing roots (the ratio of rooted shoots to the total shoots cultured) after 15 and 30 days; (7) the root length per shoot (average length of roots produced on a shoot) after 30 days; and (8) the success rate of transfer (the number of developed plantlets relative to the number of plantlets transferred to mist conditions) after 15 days. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the data was conducted in a factorial experiment within a completely randomized design with three replications. The means of the treatments were compared using Duncan&rsquo;s multiple range test at a 5% significance level. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, and graphs were created using Excel software.<br> <br> Results and Discussion: The highest fresh and dry weights of the shoot were observed in the medium containing 40 g l-1 of sucrose, while the highest fresh weight of the shoot and callus was recorded in 70 mM of nitrogen. The culture media containing 20 and 30 g l-1 of sucrose and 50 to 70 mM of nitrogen were identified as suitable for shoot length. The maximum number of nodes per shoot was obtained in the medium containing 30 g l-1 of sucrose, and the maximum shoot length was achieved at sucrose concentrations of 20 and 30 g l-1. At nitrogen concentrations of 50, 60, and 70 mM, the fresh weight of the shoot significantly increased. The lateral buds derived from terminal bud culture were rooted in MS medium without hormones, supplemented with five nitrogen concentrations, three sucrose concentrations, and 0.1 mM of IBA. The highest number of nodes per shoot, as well as the maximum shoot and root lengths, were produced in the culture medium containing 20 and 30 g l-1 of sucrose. The data clearly demonstrate the significant effects of sucrose and total nitrogen concentrations on the growth characteristics of cucumber in tissue culture. Sucrose plays a key role as a carbon source in tissue culture media, and its different concentrations have significant impacts on the number of nodes, shoot length, and diameter of the callus. Notably, an increase in sucrose concentration consistently&nbsp;<br> <br> Received: Oct. 23, 2025; Revised: Dec. 03, 2025; Accepted: Dec. 04, 2025; Published Online: Dec. 27, 2025.<br> * Corresponding Author: Minaamani@tabrizu.ac.ir&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<br> led to a decrease in the number of nodes and shoot lengths, which may be due to its negative effects on the plant&rsquo;s metabolic processes. Total nitrogen, as an essential element for growth, was identified in this study as a key factor in increasing the fresh weight of the shoots; however, its effect was less pronounced compared to sucrose. These results may be attributed to the sufficiency of total nitrogen at the tested concentrations. Transferring the plantlets to pots and gradually changing conditions from in-vitro to greenhouse environments are crucial for reducing stress and enhancing the viability of the plants. The use of sterilized perlite as a growing medium improves aeration and prevents fungal diseases, while maintenance methods in misting conditions effectively preserve moisture and increase the survival rate of the plantlets.<br> <br> Conclusions: The results of this study clearly demonstrate the significant effects of sucrose and total nitrogen concentrations on the growth characteristics of cucumber in tissue culture. Sucrose plays a key role as a carbon source in tissue culture media, and its different concentrations have significant impacts on the number of nodes, shoot length, and diameter of the callus. Notably, an increase in sucrose concentration consistently led to a decrease in the number of nodes and shoot lengths, which may be due to its negative effects on the plant&rsquo;s metabolic processes. Total nitrogen, as an essential element for growth, was identified in this study as a key factor in increasing the fresh weight of the shoots; however, its effect was less pronounced compared to sucrose. These results may be attributed to the sufficiency of total nitrogen at the tested concentrations. Transferring the plantlets to pots and gradually changing conditions from in-vitro to greenhouse environments are crucial for reducing stress and enhancing the viability of the plants. The use of sterilized perlite as a growing medium improves aeration and prevents fungal diseases, while maintenance methods in misting conditions effectively preserve moisture and increase the survival rate of the plantlets.<br> <br> <br> &nbsp;</div> تغذیه گیاه, کالوس زایی, کشت درون شیشه ای, کشت بافت. Callus formation, In vitro culture, Plant nutrition, Tissue culture 99 118 http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3882-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Ali Reza Motallebi-Azar علیرضا مطلبی آذر hortazar@gmail.com No Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. Hamideh Shojaei حمیده شجاعی mina76amani@yahoo.com No Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. Mina Amani مینا امانی minaamani@tabrizu.ac.ir Yes Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.