per Journal of Crop Production and Processing 2251-8517 2251-8525 2024-11 14 4 1 19 article B. Tahmasbpor tahmasbpor@yahoo.com 1 S. Jahanbakhsh jahanbakhsh@uma.ac.ir 2 A. R. Tarinejad tarinejad@yahoo.com 3 H. Mohammadi hamidmohammadi78280@gmail.com 4 A. Ebadi ebadi@uma.ac.ir 5 Department of Plant Genetics and Production Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Department of Plant Genetics and Production Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran. Department of Plant Genetics and Production Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Introduction Wheat, as one of the most important crops, occupies about 20% of the world's cultivated area. In the FAO report, more than 90% of Iran is classified as arid and semi-arid. The impact of drought stress on crops is devastating, resulting in yield losses of 17% every year. It is therefore of high importance to conduct researches to improve crop resilience to drought stress and minimize water losses in agriculture. Materials and Methods This study explored the relationships among different traits in bread wheat genotypes. A split-plot experiment was conducted, according to the randomized complete block design with three replications, to investigate 30 genotypes as subfactors. The experiment was carried out at the research farm of Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, northwest of Iran during the 2016-2017 growing season, under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions during the early flowering stage as a main factor (B). The relationship between yield and yield components and the relative importance of traits affecting yield were investigated using an analysis of variance, mean comparison, and canonical correlation analysis after measuring the traits of the studied genotypes. Results and Discussion The analysis of variance results revealed significant differences among genotypes for the examined traits. Moreover, the impact of drought stress was significant for all traits except spike straw yield. The interaction effect of stress and genotype was significant for all traits except 1000-grain weight, spike length, grain filling rate, and vegetative growth rate, indicating that the relative performance of the genotypes changed between the two environments. Canonical correlation analysis indicated a significant correlation between pairs of canonical variables resulting from phenological and growth traits with spike-related traits under normal and moisture stress levels.  Conclusions Based on the results of canonical correlation analysis, it can be concluded that, under normal field conditions, enhancing desirable characteristics in the spike (such as spike harvest index and grains/ spike) requires considering the traits of vegetative growth rate and grain filling rate. On the other hand, under stress conditions at the flowering stage in the field, selecting criteria should prioritize an increase in the grains/spike, spike harvest index, spikelets/spike, and spike length, as well as a decrease in spike straw yield, vegetative growth rate, length of grain filling period, days to maturity, and vegetative growth rate. http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3297-en.pdf Canonical correlation analysis Water deficit Yield. per Journal of Crop Production and Processing 2251-8517 2251-8525 2024-11 14 4 21 35 article H. Pourhadian hpoorhdian@pnu.ac.ir 1 N. Hadavand nabihadavand@yahoo.com 2 M. Khalili majid50khalili@yahoo.com 3 H. Kazem aslani hkazemaslaniy@yahoo.com 4 Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Ministry of Agriculture, Tehran, Iran. Agricultural Towns Company, Agriculture, Tehran, Iran. Agriculture Organization, Qom, Iran. Introduction  Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are one of the most important sources of protein and minerals for humans, and their residues and straw are also rich in nutrients necessary for animal nutrition. This plant species plays an important role in sustainable agriculture due to its morphological characteristics and nitrogen fixation. Crop husbandry practices are very important in maximizing plant’s access to environmental factors and hence its yield potential. Among the most important crop management practices is weed management. Weed control practices such as using optimal planting density and weeding at the right time are more appropriate particularly in terms of minimizing pesticide applications and hence achieving sustainable agriculture. In addition to reducing the quantity and quality of grain yield of beans, weeds cause problems in planting, maintaining, and harvesting operations of this plant. It has been reported that the lack of weed management and control may cause grain yield reductions of  up to 83% in beans, as weeds  outcompete the weed crop in accessing water, nutrients, and light. Materials and Methods This research was conducted in Agriculture Center of Al-Mahdi town, Azna, Lorestan Province, west of Iran as a factorial experiment in randomized complete blocks design ith three replications in 2011. Experimental treatments included weeding factor at six levels of: 0 (no weeding), 14, 28, 42 and 56 days after crop emergence (DAE), and complete weeding during the growth period and the planting density at two levels: 40 and 50 plants/m2 of red beans (Sayyad cultivar(. The land had been left fallowed the year before planting. After moldboard-plowing and disc-harrowing the land, seeds were planted into a depth of 5 cm in plots of 3 × 3 m. Irrigation was carried out during the growing period of beans by flooding method, every 5 to 7 days according to the environmental conditions. Fertilizers were used as 100 kg ha-1 triple superphosphate and 50 kg/ha urea before planting and also at 50 kg ha-1 urea as top-dressing at the beginning of flowering. The evaluated traits included plant height (cm), days to physiological maturity, pods/plant, grains/m2, grains/pod, branches/plant, 100-grain weight (g), plant above-ground dry weight (g/m2), grain yield (g/m2), harvest index (%), yield loss due to weed competition (%). SAS statistical software was used to analyze the data and LSD test was used to compare means of main effects and interactions.  Results and Discussion  The effect of experimental factors on all measured traits in red beans (Sayyad cultivar( was significant. Among the weeding treatments, besides complete weeding, the most desirable values of measured traits including plant height, days to physiological maturity, pods/plant, 100-grain weight, plant above-ground dry mass, grain yield and yield loss due to weed competition were obtained in weeding at 28 DAE. However, the highest grains/pod and harvest index were obtained in weeding at 42 and 56 DAE, respectively. Increasing planting density increased the plant height, plant above-ground dry mass, grains/m2, and grain yield, despite decreasing the remaining traits. The interaction effect of planting density and weeding time were significant on branches/plant, grains/m2 and grain yield. The highest branches/plant (4.8) was obtained in weeding at 28 DAE and planting at 40 plants/m2, the highest grains/m2 (1815) and grain yield (3869 kg/ha) were observed when weeding was done in 28 DAE and planting was done in 40 plants/m2. The correlation coefficients of grain yield with grains/m2, 100-grains weight, pods/plant and grains/pod were 0.88**, 0.85**, 0.79** and 0.40*, respectively, indicating a greater role of grains/m2 in regulating grain yield than other yield components. Therefore, crop management practices toward appropriate time of weeding and planting density will guarantee a maximum grain yield of  bean, at leat when Sayyad cultivar is cultivated in Azna region. Conclusions  Our results suggested that weeding time and planting density are crucial in obtaining acceptable grain yield in red bean (Sayyad cultivar). With weeding at 28 DAE and planting at 50 plants/m2, it is possible to obtain 82% of grain yield obtainable in complete weeding and achieve the appropriate productivity of red bean cultivation in Azna. http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3319-en.pdf Plant height Yield components Physiological maturity Harvest index Dry matter. per Journal of Crop Production and Processing 2251-8517 2251-8525 2024-11 14 4 37 58 article S. S. Moosavi s.moosavi@basu.ac.ir 1 F. Hosseini fatemehosseiny.111@gmail.com 2 M. R. Abdollahi m.abdollahi@basu.ac.ir 3 A. Sepehri a_sepehri@basu.ac.ir 4 Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Introduction Wheat plays a very important role in meeting the food security in the world. The wild relatives of wheat have high genetic diversity for various traits. These traits can be exploited in order to improve the yield of bread wheat, and as a result, answer the question of food security for the growing population. Aegilops tauschii or Aegilops squarrosa L. is a diploid and self-pollinating species that has given the D genome to bread wheat as a donor parent. Genome D is an unexploited gene reservoir for genetic diversity that can be used to increase the quantity and quality of grain yield in common bread wheat. Aegilops tauschii as a valuable gene pool, has always been of interest to researchers to improve yield and related traits in wheat. Based on this, identifying and using allelic diversity for various root, phenological and morpho-physiological traits in this species is very important in order to expand the genetic base of wheat to improve wheat yield. Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the relationships between different traits and grain yield in order to identify the most important traits affecting the changes of grain yield in ten different ecotypes of Aegilops tauschii. Matherials and Methods This research was conducted in a repeated manner during the years 2016 and 2017 in the Research Greenhouse of Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, west of Iran, in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications under normal moisture conditions (supplying 95% of field capacity). The plant materials of this research included 10 ecotypes of Aegilops tauschii. The seeds were germinated and grown in germination trays containing equal proportions of perlite and cocopeat. After the seeds germinated, all the seedlings in the trays were transferred to the cold room at the temperature of 4 degrees Celsius for five weeks in the two-leaf stage for vernalization. Then, the seedlings were transplanted into 10 kg plastic pots (pots had a diameter of 40 cm and a depth of 50 cm), which contained an equal ratio of agricultural soil, sand, and rotted animal manure. In this research, 34 attributes were measured and evaluated. Results and Discution  High genetic diversity among ecotypes was observed for most of the important traits related to grain yield. The desired ecotype A19 had the highest, and ecotypes A16 and A17 had the lowest yield and grain yield components. The results of correlation analysis revealed that an array of traits including grain water use efficiency, plant height, harvest index, grain weight per main spike, main spike weight, peduncle weight, spikelets/spike, peduncle length, thousand grain weight, grain filling period length, and main stem weight showed the highest positive and significant correlation (p≤0.01) with grain yield. Additionally, grain yield had the most significant (p≤0.01) and negative correlation with days to heading, water consumption, days to anthesis, root dry weight, and days to maturity. According to the stepwise regression results, water use efficiency, grain weight per main spike (both with a positive regression coefficient), and root dry weight (with a negative regression coefficient) were identified as the most important traits influencing grain yield variations. Water use efficiency had the highest direct positive effects on grain yield, while grain weight per main spike and root dry weight had the highest indirect positive and negative effects on grain yield, respectively, through increasing and decreasing water use efficiency. Therefore, it may be infered that due to the relative similarity of the genetic background of common bread wheat with Aegilops tauschii species, as one of its wild ancestors, the selection for higher grain water use efficiency and grain weight in the main spike, as well as root and phenological traits (except grain filling period) leads to the improvement of common wheat yield in normal moisture conditions. Ecotypes A16 and A17 were identified as the most unfavorable ecotypes, mainly because they needed greater number of days to heading, days to pollination, and days to physiological maturity, and invested more photosynthetic products to rooting attributes, including root dry weight. According to the results of this research, Aegilops tauschii, is an important gene reservoir for improving wheat yield. In this research, ecotype A19, where its higher amounts of grain yield and related traits, including water use efficiency and grain weight in the main spike are accompanied by lower amounts of phenological traits as well as lower dry weight of roots, was the most desirable ecotype. Conclusion Water use efficiency, grain weight per main spike and root dry weight were identified as the most important traits affecting grain yield. Therefore, it may be possible to select for higher values of water use efficiency and grain weight per main spike and lower values of phenological traits and root traits. These traits, which have high heritability and respond well to selection, can be used to identify ecotypes of this wild wheat. Ultimately, they can be used in future wheat breeding programs. http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3316-en.pdf Wild wheat ancestors Genome D Correlation analysis Regression analysis Causal analysis. per Journal of Crop Production and Processing 2251-8517 2251-8525 2024-11 14 4 59 74 article A. Namdari namdari@ut.ac.ir 1 A. Baghbani- Arani abolfazlbaghbani@pnu.ac.ir 2 Z. Adavi adavi@pnu.ac.ir 3 Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gachsaran, Iran. Department of Agriculture Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Department of Agriculture Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Introduction  Sulfur (S) is the fourth most required element for rapeseed growth and production. The need for S in rapeseed is significantly higher than that of other crops, and due to the increased use of S-free fertilizers, the deficiency of this element in agricultural soils under cultivation of this species is aggravating. The application of nitrogen (N) in soils deficient in S exacerbates the deficiency of S absorption by rapeseed and subsequently reduces the efficiency of N fertilizer used. Conversely, with the combined application of N and S at appropriate levels, grain yield of different crops, particularly rapeseed, can be significantly increased. This highlights the importance of a balanced application of N- and S-containing fertilizers in rapeseed production. The aim of this study was to shed light on the interaction of S and N supply in rapeseed growth and productivity. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effects of S and N application on growth characteristics and grain yield of rapeseed (Hayola 50 cultivar) under rainfed conditions, this experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Gachsaran Agricultural Research Station during the two cropping seasons: 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. Experimental treatments consisted of: 1- S fertilizer (S) in three forms including S0: no sulfur consumption, SC: consumption of 40 kg of pure sulfur in the form of ammonium sulfate SB: bio sulfur at the rate of 40 kg ha-1 of pure sulfur, and 2- nitrogen fertilizer (N) at three levels: N0: no nitrogen application, N50: 50 Kg ha-1 pure nitrogen (in urea form) and N100: 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen. The seeds were planted in a wheat-rapeseed rotation within a conservation tillage system. In the cropping season 2018-2019, the amount of rainfall was 764 mm, which was significantly higher than the long-term average. Of this amount, 332 mm occurred in autumn, 256 mm in winter, and 176 mm in spring; thus, most of the precipitation occurred in autumn, i.e. prior to planting. In the cropping season 2020-2021, the amount of rainfall was 435 mm, which was approximately equal to the long-term average. The distribution of rainfall was 175 mm in autumn, 135 mm in winter, and 124 mm in spring. Results and Discussion Results showed that the application of S in both chemical and biological forms caused a significant increase in grain and dry matter yield. Yield components, thousand kernel weight, pods/plant and grains/pod were significantly affected by S and N application. The application of S and N was associated with a significant increase in dry weight at flowering and subsequent remobilization of dry matter. In fact, in the conditions of no application of S, application of N at the levels of 50 and 100 caused an increase of 16 and 33% in the accumulation of dry matter at the time of flowering, respectively. Meanwhile these increases were 17 and 50% with the use of chemical S and 29 and 52% with the use of biological S, respectively. Also, the S and N fertilizers indicated synergistic effects in relation to their effects on dry matter accumulation, grains/pod and grain yield. The effect of S on the one thousand grain weight was not significant. Meanwhile, with increase of N fertilizer level, this yield component increased significantly, as the one thousand grain weights were 3.27, 3.30, and 3.34 g in the presence of 0, 50, and 150 kg ha-1 N, respectively.  Conclusions  In general, application of 100 kg ha-1 of N along with 40 kg ha-1 of S in the biological form was the most appropriate treatment. The use of S in both forms had a positive effect on plant growth and also increased N effectiveness. The advantage of bio-sulfur over ammonium sulfate for rainfed cultivation, in addition to improving the microbial and chemical balance of the soil, is its application in one step and gradual availability to the rapeseed plants. Given the slow release of S, the amount of leaching is reduced and the availability of bio-sulfur is better ensured at sensitive stages of plant growth.  http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3300-en.pdf Ammonium sulfate Bio-fertilizer Dry matter remobilization Urea. per Journal of Crop Production and Processing 2251-8517 2251-8525 2024-11 14 4 75 87 article N. Tofighiyan ntofighiyan@gmail.com 1 S. Rastegar srastegar2008@gmail.com 2 A. Bagheri nabibagheri53@gmail.com 3 Respectively, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Hormozgan, Hormozgan, Iran. Respectively, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Hormozgan, Hormozgan, Iran. Hormozgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Hormozgan, Iran. Phosphorus-containing fertilisers play a crucial role in improving both the quantity and quality of greenhouse-grown tomatoes. Greenhouses make it possible to produce fresh tomatoes all year round, and these tomatoes are among the most important and valuable horticultural crops globally. Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient contributing mainly to ATP production, root growth, and vigorous vegetative and reproductive growth. Being an immobile ion, P doesn’t move easily in the soil, its deficiency becoming prevalent throughout the plant growth, necessitating P fertilizers application to guarantee an acceptable fruit yield. Research has shown that adding P fertilizer increases fruit yield, fruits/plant, and plant height. It also improves the quality of the fruit, enhancing traits like size, firmness, and nutritional content, particularly vitamins A and C. When P is combined with the right amounts of nitrogen and potassium, the benefits to the crop growth and productivity are even greater, leading to higher fruit yield and quality. To meet market demands and ensure consistent, high-quality tomatoes production, optimising P use in greenhouse farming is crucial. Materials and Methods This research was conducted in December 2022 in a greenhouse located at the Aliabad-Hajiabad greenhouse site in Hormozgan province, south of Iran (longitude of 55° 95', latitude of 28°31', an elevation of 1200 meters above sea level, and temperatures ranging from -1 °C to 47 °C). The study followed a factorial design within a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications.  Seeds of the *Dafnis* tomato cultivar (indeterminate type) were sown on 15 November 2022 in 105-cell trays filled with a mixture of peat moss and cocopeat (1:3 peat moss to 2:3 cocopeat). At the two-leaf stage, seedlings were fertilized with 10-52-10 (N-P-K) fertilizer. Irrigation conducted every two days based on tray moisture levels. Seedlings were transplanted into 10 kg plastic pots on 30th of December 2022. Humic acid was applied twice (55 g for 550 seedlings, equivalent to 2.5 kg/ha). Treatments began on 3rd of February 2023, with 30 plants per treatment group. Fertilization levels included: 0 (no fertilizer), 20-20-20 (N-P-K), 10-52-10 (N-P-K), Phosphoric Acid (75%), Triple Superphosphate which were carried out three times at 15-day intervals. Tomatoe fruits were harvested on 29th April 2023 and transported to the laboratory for further analysis. Fruit length and diameter were measured using a calliper. To determine fruit volume, the fresh weight was recorded using a precise balance, and the volume was calculated based on water displacement after submerging the fruit in a known volume of water. Fruits/cluster was determined and the total weight of each cluster was measured with a balance. Mean fruit weight was determined by weighing individual fruits after harvest. For quality assessment, total soluble solids (TSS) were measured using a refractometer. Titratable acidity (TA) was determined by titration with a standard sodium hydroxide solution. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified using spectrophotometric methods. These measurements provided a comprehensive evaluation of both the physical and biochemical properties of the harvested tomatoes. Results and Discussion This study revealed that the maximum fruit weight (141 g), length (4.98 cm), diameter (6.95 cm), and volume (164 cm³) were recorded when 20-20-20 fertilizer was combined with triple superphosphate. Similarly, the highest total cluster weight (637 g) and fruits/cluster (6.8) were observed under this treatment. The synergistic effects of different fertilizers on fruit quality were also investigated. The application of 75% phosphoric acid resulted in the highest soluble solids content in the fruit, indicating enhanced sweetness. Moreover, phosphorus fertilizers significantly increased the titratable acidity of the fruit, contributing to its flavor profile. The highest phenolic content (0.74 mg gallic acid equivalent/g fresh weight) was found in fruits treated with a combination of 20-20-20 fertilizer and phosphoric acid. Both phosphorus fertilizers alone and in combination with the complete fertilizer significantly enhanced the flavonoid content of the fruit. The availability of nitrogen and particularly phosphorus, has a positive impact on flower initiation and development. By supplying essential nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, fruit set was significantly improved. Another possible reason is that increasing the supply of essential nutrients to the tomato plant enhanced nutrient availability, uptake, and mobility within plant tissues, resulting in an increased fruits/cluster.. Conclusions The research demonstrated that a combination of 20-20-20 fertilizer with triple superphosphate and phosphoric acid can significantly enhance both the quantity and quality of tomato fruit. This fertilizer regime not only increased fruit size and fruits/cluster but also improved other fruit characteristics such as soluble solids content, acidity, and phenol compound. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing fertilizer application to maximize tomato fruit yield and quality. http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3302-en.pdf Greenhouse tomatoes Phosphoric acid Triple superphosphate. per Journal of Crop Production and Processing 2251-8517 2251-8525 2024-11 14 4 89 107 article M. Roshdi Roshdi1349@yahoo.com 1 R. Jafarpoor r.jafarpoor20@gmail.com 2 A. Nasrollah Zadeh Asl ali_nasr462@yahoo.com 3 A. R. Eivazi alirezaeivazi@yahoo.com 4 J. Khalili Mahhaleh agriman2016@gmail.com 5 Department of Agriculture-Agronomy, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran. Department of Agriculture-Agronomy, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran. West Azrebaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Urmia, Iran. West Azrebaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Urmia, Iran. Department of Agriculture-Agronomy, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran. Introduction Bread wheat is the most important cereal and the source of calories in human nutrition worldwide. The effect of moisture stress on the quality properties of wheat is complex and is influenced by genotype, environment and their interaction. Superabsorbent polymers last for 5 -7 years in soil and can absorb water up to 200 to 400-fold of their own weight. Superabsorbent polymers are divided into two major groups, depending on their source: natural-based mateials, such as animal manures, and chemical materials. This experiment aimed to study the response of bread wheat cultivars to moisture stress and the ameliorative effects of superabsorbants on these responses. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the adverse effects of drought stress on wheat cultivars in the presence of different superabsorbent treatments, two separate experiments were conducted in Urmia and Khoy cities located in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. The experiments were carried out as a split factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in two years (2019 and 2020). The main factor was the three moisture regimes including irrigation after evaporation of 70, 140, and 210 mm water from the class-A pan. The combination of levels of different superabsorbent treatments in wheat cultivars formed the sub-factor levels: cow manure at a rate of 40000 kg/ha (as a natural superabsorbent), chemical superabsorbent (Taravat A-200) at a rate of 200 kg/ha,  and no use of superabsorbent (control) along with two commercial cultivars of bread wheat, Mihan and Heidari. Bartlett's test was performed for the uniformity of the variances of the experimental errors. A combined analysis of variance of the two years was conducted after ensuring the uniformity of the variances of the experimental errors. The comparison of means was done with Duncan's multi-range test at the five percent probability level with MStatc statistical software. Results and Discussion The combined analysis of variance showed that the effects of different levels of treatments and their interactions were significant at 5% probability level for plant height, grain yield, grains/spike, 1000 grains weight, concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in shoot. The highest grain yield in both locations (Urmia and Khoy) was observed for the Mihan cultivar when irrigated after 70 mm evaporation and using the chemical superabsorbent treatment, with 7930 and 7760 kg/ha in the mentioned locations, respectively. In contrast, both Mihan and Heydari cultivars had the lowest grain yield of 1490 and 2110 kg/ha in Urmia and Khoy cities, respectively, when irrigated after 140 mm evaporation and no use of superabsorbent. The concentration of nitrogen and potassium in the shoot in the presence of superabsorbent treatment was higher than those of manure and the control treatments. Meanwhile, the concentration of phosphorus in the shoot in the presence of manure treatment was higher than those of the superabsorbent and the control. Conclusions Based on the results of our experiment, using superabsorbent and animal manure as a natural superabsorbent, appeared as suitable solutions to reducing the adverse effects of drought stress on wheat crop in arid and semi-arid areas of the West West Azerbaijan province.   http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3303-en.pdf Animal Manure Grain Yield Irrigation Potassium.