OTHERS_CITABLE جو (Hordeum vulgare L.) یکی از مناسب‌ترین گیاهان سازگار برای کشت در شرایط مختلف ایران است. بنابراین هدف از این مطالعه انتخاب ژنوتیپ‌های برتر جو بدون پوشینه بر اساس عملکرد دانه و برخی صفات مورفولوژیک بود. به همین منظور تعداد 69 ژنوتیپ جو بدون پوشینه در قالب طرح حجیم‌شده بدون تکرار آگمنت با سه بلوک ناقص و با سه ژنوتیپ شاهد جو لخت (لوت، EH-85-9 و EH-87-4) در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی داراب طی سال زراعی 1400-1399 ارزیابی شدند. شاخص های فاصله ژنوتیپ- ایدئوتیپ چند صفتی (MGIDI) و طراحی ایدئوتیپ از طریق پیش بینی نااریب بهترین خط (FAI-BLUP) برای انتخاب ژنوتیپ‌های برتر با استفاده از 17 صفت مورفولوژیک محاسبه شدند. هیچ کدام از ژنوتیپ های شاهد جزء ژنوتیپ های برتر بر مبنای هر دو شاخص MGIDI و FAI-BLUP نبودند. نتایج نشان داد که شاخص MGIDI بیشترین همبستگی منفی و معنی دار را با عملکرد دانه (**0/91-)، تعداد سنبله در متر مربع (**0/91-)، وضعیت ساقه (**0/37-) و دوره پر شدن دانه (*0/25-) دارد.  نتایج همبستگی بین شاخص FAI-BLUP و صفات مورد بررسی نشان داد که FAI-BLUP همبستگی مثبت و معنی داری با تعداد سنبله در متر مربع (**0/86)، عملکرد دانه (**0/84) و طول دوره پر شدن دانه (**0/38) دارد و از طرفی همبستگی معنی دار، اما منفی با تعداد دانه در سنبله (**0/31-) داشت. همچنین همبستگی بالا و معنی دار، ولی منفی بین شاخص MGIDI و FAI-BLUP (**82/0-) مشاهده شد. نتایج نشان داد که شاخص‌های MGIDI و FAI-BLUP پتانسیل ایده‌آلی برای شناسایی ژنوتیپ های پرمحصول با صفات مطلوب دارند. از این رو، استفاده از این شاخص ها می تواند در غربال گری ژنوتیپ‌های برتر در مراحل اولیه برنامه اصلاحی مفید باشند. در مجموع نتایج هر دو شاخص MGIDI و FAI-BLUP مشابه بودند و ژنوتیپ‌های یکسانی را به-عنوان ژنوتیپ‌های برتر شناسایی نمودند و در نهایت ژنوتیپ های L24، L23، L37، L59، L18، L32، L29، L41، L61، L27، L38، L16، L66، L39 انتخاب شدند. http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3287-fa.pdf 2024-10-01 1 20 10.47176/jcpp.14.3.32903 تجزیه به عامل ها شاخص های مبتنی بر چند صفت صفات مورفولوژیک عملکرد دانه Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the widely-adapted crops for cultivation in the diverse conditions around Iran. Moreover, this cereal crop ranks fourth in the world in terms of economic importance after wheat, rice, and corn. Simultaneous application of several traits in selection of superior high-performing genotypes can be a difficult task, as each genotype can be superior in terms of some traits. With increase in number of traits, it becomes difficult to select the appropriate genotype, necessitating reliance on selection indices. Using the selection indices, all traits become one index and it becomes easier to rank and identify superior genotypes. Thus, the aim of this study was to select superior hull-less barley genotypes based on grain yield and some morphological traits using different indicators. Materials and Methods To select superior barley genotypes, 69 genotypes of hull-less barley were evaluated in the non-repeating Augment design with three incomplete blocks along with three hull-less barley check genotypes (Loot, EH-85-9 and EH-87-4) in Darab Agricultural Research Station, south of Iran, during the 2020-2021 cropping season of. The studied genotypes were planted in six lines 6 m at length with a distance of 15 cm from each other. Seeding was done in 400 seeds m-2. Seeds were sown using an experimental plot planter (Wintersteiger, Ried, Austria). Fertilizers were used as 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen (twice), and di-ammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate in 100 and 50 kg ha-1, respectively (before planting). All experimental plots were harvested with an experimental grain harvester (Wintersteiger, Ried, Austria). The studied traits included days to spike appearance (DHE), days to maturity (DMA), plant height (PLH), thousand kernel weight (TKW), length of grain filling period (GFP), grain yield (YLD), spike length (SL), awn length (AL), grains/spike (NGS), awn type (AT), peduncle length (PL), spike density (SD), spike weight (SPW), spikes m-2 (NSP), stem situation (SS), spike situation (SPS) and row type (RT). The multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) and ideotype design via best linear unbiased prediction (FAI-BLUP) were calculated using 17 morphological traits to select superior genotypes. Results and Discussion According to the results of analysis of variance, a significant difference was observed between the studied lines for all traits (except TKW) at the probability levels of 5 and 1%. The results of factor analysis for the 17 studied traits identified five hidden factors that explained 72.7% of the total variance of the data. The results showed that low values ​​of the NGS, SD and RT and high values of the TKW, LS and DHE were effective factors in selecting superior genotypes using the first factor. Based on this factor, L66 was superior. In the second factor, high values of the DMA, SPW and GFP were the main factors in selecting genotypes, and based on this factor, L27 genotype was ideal. The third factor selected genotypes based on high values ​​of both trait YLD and NSP. L24 genotype was the superior one based on the third factor. Fourth factor selected genotypes based on low Al, PL, AT and SPS (L38 genotype was superior), and fifth factor selected genotypes with high value ​​of PLH and SS and based on this factor L38 and L61 genotypes were ideal. Based on the MGIDI index, genotypes L24, L23, L37, L59, L18, L32, L29, L41, L61, L27, L38, L16, L66, L39 and L46 with the lowest values were identified as superior genotypes. Moreover, FAI-BLUP index identified genotypes L24, L37, L23, L32, L59, L29, L33, L27, L44, L41, L66, L46, L61 and L43 as the desirable genotypes compared with other genotypes. None of the check genotypes were among the superior genotypes based on both MGIDI and FAI-BLUP indices. The results showed that the MGIDI index has the most negative and significant correlation with grain yield (-0.91**), spikes m-2 (-0.91**), stem situation (-0.37**) and grain filling period (-0.25*). The results also showed that FAI-BLUP has a positive and significant correlation with spikes m-2 (0.86**), grain yield (0.84**), and grain filling period (0.38**), and on the other hand, it had a significant but negative correlation with grains/spike (-0.31**). Finally, a highly significant negative correlation was observed between MGIDI index and FAI-BLUP index (-0.82**). Conclusions In general, the results showed that the two-row genotypes were on average superior to the six-row genotypes in terms of the DHE, DMA, NSP, TKW, SL and PL. On the other hand, the six-row genotypes were superior to the two-row genotypes in terms of PLH, GFP, YLD, NGS, and SPW. Our results revealed that the MGIDI and FAI-BLUP indices have ideal potential to identify the high-yielding genotypes with desirable traits. Hence, the use of these indices can be useful in screening the superior genotypes in the early steps of  breeding programs for barley. The results of both MGIDI and FAI-BLUP indices were similar and identified the same genotypes as superior genotypes and finally, L24, L23, L37, L59, L18, L32, L29, L41, L61, L27, L38, L16, L66, L39 genotypes were identified as superior genotypes. http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3287-en.pdf 2024-10-01 1 20 10.47176/jcpp.14.3.32903 Factors analysis Grain yield Indices based on multiple traits Morphological traits H. Aflatooni hamed.aflatooni@ut.ac.ir 1 Respectively, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. AUTHOR O. Sofalian sofalian@gmail.com 2 Respectively, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. AUTHOR H. Zali hzali90@yahoo.com 3 Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Darab, Iran. AUTHOR A. Asghari ali_asgharii@yahoo.com 4 Respectively, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. AUTHOR

OTHERS_CITABLE برای ارزیابی تنوع ژنتیکی و ارتباط بین صفات مختلف با عملکرد اقتصادی در هفت رقم نخود زراعی، آزمایشی با آرایش طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در شرایط نرمال رطوبتی و شرایط دیم در سال زراعی 02-1401 در شرایط مزرعه به مرحله اجرا درآمد. نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل واریانس در شرایط آبیاری تکمیلی نشان داد که تنوع بین ارقام مختلف از حیث صفات تعداد دانه در بوته، تعداد نیام در بوته، عملکرد دانه، وزن 100 دانه و شاخص برداشت، زیست توده و شاخص کلروفیل اسپد در زمان نیام دهی در سطح آماری 1 درصد (P≤0/01 ) معنی دار بود و در شرایط تنش رطوبتی، صفات تعداد دانه در بوته، تعداد نیام در بوته، عملکرد دانه تک بوته با نیام، وزن 100 دانه، عملکرد دانه، زیست توده، شاخص کلروفیل اسپد در زمان نیام دهی و شاخص برداشت در سطح آماری 1 درصد(P≤0/01 ) معنی دار بودند. در تجزیه همبستگی صفات مورد مطالعه در ارقام نخود زراعی در شرایط آبیاری تکمیلی، صفات تعداد دانه در بوته با صفات تعداد نیام در بوته، عملکرد دانه تک بوته بدون نیام و عملکرد دانه تک بوته با نیام همبستگی مثبت و معنی داری داشتند. در شرایط دیم صفات تعداد دانه در بوته با صفات تعداد نیام در بوته، عملکرد دانه تک بوته بدون نیام و عملکرد دانه تک بوته با نیام همبستگی مثبت و معنی داری مشاهده شد. در مجموع ارقام یادگار، کسری و عادل به ترتیب بیشترین عملکرد را از خود بروز دادند که قابل بررسی بیشتر برای کشت در منطقه مورد تحقیق هستند. http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3301-fa.pdf 2024-10-01 21 36 10.47176/jcpp.14.3.33463 تجریه کلاستر تجزیه تابع تشخیص خشکی عملکرد همبستگی Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume crop in Iran and plays a significant role in the income of the local farmers. Drought is the most critical abiotic factor limiting growth, negatively impacting crop development and production. Optimal irrigation methods with high efficiency, supplemental irrigation, and water harvesting are among the solutions that can reduce the damage to agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions, contributing to yield stability in these areas. Supplemental irrigation techniques help crops produce economically viable yields using natural rainwater. One round of irrigation (supplemental irrigation) can improve the performance and stability of chickpea crops. Given the importance of chickpeas in human nutrition, it is essential to conduct applied research on different genotypes of this valuable plant in various environmental conditions. Therefore, the selection and evaluation of different traits in chickpea cultivars to identify suitable varieties under various moisture conditions were the primary objectives of this research.  Materials and Methods In order to evaluate grain yield, yield components, and to study the phenotypic diversity of various traits, seven chickpea cultivars (1-Yadgar, 2-Adel, 3-Ana, 4-Kasra, 5-Mansour, 6-Kavian, and 7-Arman) were selected for the present study. An experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications during the 2023 crop year at the Educational-Research Farm of Payame Noor University, Asadabad (Hamedan), west of Iran. The experiment was carried out in two parts: one with supplementary irrigation at the final stage of seeding, and the other under rainfed conditions (relying only on rainfall water). The traits evaluated included plant height at the time of harvest, the length of the plant’s main root, grains/plant, plant above-ground dry mass(g), seed yield/plant (g), the total number of plant branches (including sub-branches and main branches), 100-grain weight (g), number of sub-branches, grain yield/plant with pods (g), grain yield, m2 (g), above-ground dry mass/m2 (g), stubble weight, chlorophyll index at the time of fruiting, and harvest index. Statistical calculations, such as analysis of variance and mean comparison using Duncan’s method at a 1% probability level, were performed using SPSS software version 26. Results and Discussion  According to the results of this research, the Yadegar, Kasra, and Adel cultivars showed the highest grain yields, respectively, and can be cultivated in the studied area. These findings can be utilized in future breeding programs to improve grain yield of chickpea. Given the growing population in Iran and the need to increase agricultural production, it is essential to study the genetic diversity of traits in plant varieties, particularly chickpeas, for current and future breeding programs. Therefore, ongoing and relevant research is necessary. Chickpeas rank first in Iran in terms of cultivated area and production volume among legume crops. The economic yield of all cultivars was favorable under the influence of rainfall conditions, both in terms of amount and distribution. It appears that favorable rainfall conditions from plant establishment to seeding in the 2023 agricultural year allowed the plant to effectively utilize available soil moisture. Additionally, supplementary irrigation at the time of grain filling proved highly beneficial for chickpeas. As rainfall decreased toward the end of the growing season (around mid-June), the supplementary irrigation helped meet the plant’s remaining moisture needs and improved the grain yield across all cultivars. Conclusions  Yadegar, Kasra, and Adel cultivars demonstrated the highest grain yields, and these cultivars are the most recently developed genetic materials in Iran. Thus, they exhibit higher grain yields compared to older cultivars. These results may also be useful for future breeding programs. http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3301-en.pdf 2024-10-01 21 36 10.47176/jcpp.14.3.33463 Cluster analysis Correlation Detection function decomposition Dryness Yield. M. kakaei mehdikakaei37@gmail.com 1 Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Payame Noor University, Tehran-Iran. AUTHOR T. Basaki t.basaki@pnu.ac.ir 2 Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Payame Noor University, Tehran-Iran. AUTHOR

OTHERS_CITABLE خشکی یکی از رایج ترین عوامل محدودکننده تولید گیاهان زراعی در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک تحت شرایط دیم است. از این رو به منظور بررسی تأثیر کاربرد متانول و نانو اکسید روی بر عملکرد و برخی صفات اگروفیزیولوژیکی گندم دیم، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه ای در روستای خاتون آباد سراب در شمال غرب ایران، در سال 98-1397 اجرا شد. عوامل آزمایشی محلول پاشی نانو اکسید روی در چهار سطح )محلول پاشی با آب به¬عنوان شاهد، محلول پاشی 0/3، 0/6 و 0/9 گرم درلیتر( و کاربرد متانول درچهار سطح )محلول پاشی با آب به عنوان شاهد، محلول پاشی10، 20 و 30 درصدحجمی) را شامل می شدند. مقایسه میانگین ها نشان داد که کمترین میزان انتقال ماده خشک از بخش هوایی (0/21 گرم از بوته) و سهم انتقال مجدد درعملکرد دانه (23/7 درصد)، انتقال ماده خشک از ساقه (0/17 گرم از بوته) و سهم مشارکت ذخایرساقه در عملکرد دانه (10/4 درصد) در بالاترین سطح از کاربرد نانو اکسید روی به دست آمد. نتایج مشابهی نیز در این صفات در بالاترین سطح از کاربرد متانول به دست آمد. محلول پاشی مقادیر بالای نانو اکسید روی و متانول، محتوای نسبی آب برگ پرچم در مراحل ظهورسنبله (17 درصد) و پرشدن دانه (11 درصد)، محتوای روی (62 درصد)، پروتئین (14 درصد) و عملکرد دانه را (33درصد) در مقایسه با عدم کاربرد آنها افزایش داد. به نظر می رسد کاربرد 0/9 گرم در لیتر نانواکسید روی با 30 درصدحجمی متانول به واسطه بهبود صفات فیزیولوژیک می تواند در افزایش عملکرد گندم تحت شرایط دیم پیشنهاد شود.  http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3308-fa.pdf 2024-10-01 37 52 10.47176/jcpp.14.3.258511 انتقال ماده خشک از ساقه فنولوژی هدایت الکتریکی عملکرد Extended Abstract Introduction Water deficit is one of the most important factors limiting crop production under rainfed condition. Several methods have been proposed to increase the resistance of crops against water deficit. In this regard, foliar application of methanol and nano zinc oxide can improve the performance of crop plants under water limitation conditions. Zinc deficiency is recognized as a critical problem in plants, especially when grown on soils with high pH values. But, recent researches have shown that application of micronutrients, including Zn, in the form of nano-fertilizers is a viable criterion for growing plants under water deficit condition, as it increases resource use efficiency and reduces environmental pollution. Also, foliar-applied methanol can increase the concentration of CO2 inside the plant tissue and promote photosynthesis rate and growth under water deficit conditions. On the other hand, water deficit is mitigated by stress modulators such as methanol and nano zinc oxide through a variety of mechanisms, including increased photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient acquisition in plants, and enhancement of the antioxidant system towards preventing damage from reactive oxygen species. Considering the above fact, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of nano zinc oxide and methanol foliar application on grain yield and some physiological traits (i.e, relative water content, electrical conductivity of flag leaf, dry matter remobilization from plant’s above-ground parts and hence contribution of photoassimilates remobilization in grain yield) of wheat under rainfed conditions. Materials and Methods A factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Sarab in north-west of Iran, in 2018-2019. Experimental factors included nano zinc oxide foliar application at four levels (foliar application with water as control, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 g L-1) and methanol application at four levels (foliar application with water as control, 10, 20, and 30% v/v). Methanol was prepared from Mojallal Co. and  nano zinc oxide from Pishgaman Nanomaterials Co. Nano zinc oxide consisted of particles of  less than 30 nm. Foliar application of nano zinc oxide and methanol were done in stages of tillering and boot stage. Relative water content (RWC) and electrical conductance (EC) of flag leaves was calculated based on the given formula Kheirizadeh Arough et al (2015): RWC (%) = [(FW-DW)/(TW-DW)] × 100  (1) where FW is the fresh weight; DW is the dry weight; and TW is the turgid weight. From each plot, the samples of  developed flag leaf were randomly selected and after placing them in aluminum foils, they were transferred to the laboratory very quickly, then the flag leaf samples were kept in flasks containing 25 ml of distilled water. It was then placed at room temperature for 24 hours and then the electrical conductivity was measured by an EC meter (Mi 180 Bench Meter). Dry matter and remobilization of stem reserves to grain yield were evaluated as follows: Dry matter remobilization from shoot (g plant-1) = maximum of  dry matter of shoot after anthesis (g plant-1) - shoot dry matter (grains excluded) in maturity (g plant-1). Contribution of dry matter remobilization to grain (%) = [dry matter remobilization from shoot (g plant-1) /grain yield (g plant-1)] × 100. Contribution of dry matter remobilization from stem to grain yield (g plant-1) = [maximum  of stem dry matter after anthesis (g plant-1) - stem dry matter in maturity (g plant-1) ] × 100. Analysis of variance was done by SASv9.12. The main effects and interactions were compared by LSD test at the 0.05 probability level. Results and Discussion: Mean comparison showed that the least of dry matter remobilization from above-ground parts (0.21 g plant-1) and contribution of remobilization to grain yield (23.6%), dry matter remobilization from stem (0.17 g plant-1) and contribution of stem reserves to grain yield (10.3%) were obtained at the highest level of nano zinc oxide application. Similar results were obtained in these traits at the highest level of methanol application. Foliar spraying of high rates of nano zinc oxide and methanol increased the relative water content of flag leaf in ear emergence (17%) and grain filling stages (11%), zinc content (62%), protein content (14%) and grain yield (33%) in comparison to control. Conclusions Results of this study taken together, it seems that application of 0.9 g L-1 nano zinc oxide with 30% v/v of methanol can be suggested for improvement of physiological traits and thereby increase in grain yield of wheat under rainfed conditions. http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3308-en.pdf 2024-10-01 37 52 10.47176/jcpp.14.3.258511 Dry matter remobilization from stem Electrical conductivity Phenology Yield E. Gaderi ebrahimgaderi@yahoo.com 1 Respectively, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. AUTHOR R. Seyed Sharifi raouf_ssharifi@yahoo.com 2 Respectively, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. AUTHOR

OTHERS_CITABLE کاشت گیاهان پوششی یکی از روش‏های جایگزین به منظور افزایش کیفیت و سلامت خاک و تولید محصول سالم با حداقل استفاده از نهاده‏های شیمیایی است. این گیاهان از طریق رقابت و نیز تولید و رهاسازی مواد آللوپاتیک در محیط خاک، به عنوان ابزاری مناسب در سرکوب علف‏های هرز نیز به شمار می روند. بدین منظور پژوهش حاضر به منظور تأثیر کشت چند گونه گیاه پوششی به عنوان کود سبز به صورت خالص و مخلوط بر برخی ویژگی‏های خاک و کنترل علف‏های هرز سیب‎زمینی در مزرعه پژوهشی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که کشت گیاهان پوششی در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد موجب کاهش pH و افزایش کربن آلی خاک در مرحله قبل از کشت سیب‎ زمینی شد، به طوری که کمترین pH (7/32) و بیشترین محتوای کربن آلی خاک (1/76 درصد) از تیمار جو خالص حاصل شد. همچنین قبل از کشت سیب زمینی تیمارهای 40 درصد شبدر +40 درصد ماشک +20 درصد جو و 50 درصد ماشک +50 درصد شبدر به ترتیب موجب افزایش 38 و 36 درصدی نیتروژن خاک نسبت به تیمار شاهد شدند. در مرحله قبل و پس از برداشت سیب‎زمینی نیز کاربرد گیاهان پوششی موجب افزایش محتوای عناصر فسفر و پتاسیم خاک در مقایسه با شاهد شد. کاربرد گیاهان پوششی در هر دو مرحله 20 و 40 روز بعد از کشت سیب‏زمینی موجب کاهش تراکم علف‏های هرز شد و تیمار جو خالص تراکم علف‎های هرز را به-ترتیب به میزان 53/2 و 53/6 درصد نسبت به تیمار شاهد کاهش داد. مشخص شد که بیشترین عملکرد غده مربوط به تیمارهای 40 درصد شبدر +40 درصد ماشک +20 درصد جو و 50 درصد ماشک +50 درصد شبدر بود که نسبت به تیمار شاهد به میزان 71/1 و 59/8 درصد افزایش داشت. به طور کلی نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که از گیاهان پوششی می‏توان به¬عنوان ابزاری جهت بهبود ویژگی‎های خاک و کنترل علف‏های هرز مزرعه سیب‎ زمینی استفاده کرد. http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3311-fa.pdf 2024-10-01 53 68 10.47176/jcpp.14.3.38321 pHخاک کربن آلی خاک عناصر خاک یولاف وحشی شیرین بیان Extended Abstract Introduction Fallowing, which is one of the common practices in Iran's cropping systems, brings negative consequences such as soil erosion and reduction of its fertility, leaching of nutrients and, as a result, groundwater pollution. In addition, this practice increases weed infestation in an environment free of competition. Planting cover crops is one of the alternative methods to increase the quality and health of the soil and produce a healthy crop with minimal use of chemical inputs. Through competition and production and release of allelopathic substances in the soil environment, these crops are also considered as a suitable tool in suppressing weeds. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of planting several species of cover crops as pure and mixed green manures on some soil characteristics and weed control. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Razi University, Kermanshah. Experimental treatments included cover crops of barley, common vetch and Persian clover in pure and mixed form at 10 levels: control (without cover crop), pure clover, pure barley, pure vetch, 50% barley + 50% clover, 50% barley +50 vetch, 50% vetch + 50% clover, 30% barley + 70% clover, 30% vetch + 70% barley, and 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley. In order to cultivate cover crops, the land was first prepared by plowing and disk harrowing. Then, the seeds of cover crops were planted in plots of 7 × 6 m dimensions, using a furrower. The amount of seed used in the pure cultivation treatments of vetch, clover and barley was 60, 20 and 150 kg ha-1, respectively, and in the mixed treatments, different amounts of the seeds of each cover crop were planted based on the above-mentioned ratios. On the 30th of May (one month before planting potato) and at the stage when none of the cover crops had entered seed production stage, they were incorporated into the soil as green manures in two stages (one week apart) and at a depth of 10 to 15 cm. Results and Discussion The results showed that the cultivation of cover crops caused a decrease in pH and an increase in soil organic carbon compared to the control treatment, so that the lowest pH (7.32) and the highest soil organic carbon content (1.76%) were obtained from the pure barley treatment. Also, treatments of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley and 50% vetch + 50% clover caused a 38% and 36% increase in soil nitrogen, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The use of cover crops increased the content of phosphorus and potassium macronutrients in the soil both before and after potato harvest, compared to the control. The use of cover crops reduced the density of weeds in 20 and 40 days after potato cultivation, and the pure barley treatment reduced the density of weeds by 53 and 54%, respectively, compared to the control. The highest potato tuber yield was achieved under the treatments of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley and 50% vetch + 50% clover. The mentioned treatments increased the tuber yield by 71.09 and 59.79% compared to the control, respectively. The decrease in soil pH may be due to the accumulation of organic matter from crop residues and the acidification process during the mineralization of these residues, the increase in the amount of electrolytes, as well as the increase of microbial respiration and thereby the release of CO2 (5, 18). The increase in soil nitrogen availability following the application of green manures may have stemmed from the increase in root nodulation, release of a larger amount of nitrogen compounds by root nodules in the early stages of crop growth and their subsequent decomposition in later stages. Also, the increased nitrogen is at least partly due to the increase of organic matter through the return of biomass of cover crops in the cropping system (21). Covering the soil surface by cover crops and hence shading reduces weed seed germination and their subsequent growth due to competition of cover crops. In addition, during the decomposition of cover crop residues, allelopathic compounds are released in the soil environment, which affects the germination of weed seeds and establishment of their seedlings (15). Green manures obtained from cover crops increases moisture storage and improves soil fertility, enhancing the growth and yield of the main crop (16). Conclusions The results showed that the cultivation of cover crops instead of fallow increased the amount of organic carbon and macronutrients, despite decreasing the soil pH, leading to improvement in the access of the main crop to the soil nutrients. Weed control was another advantage of planting these crops. In the present study, the planting of leguminous cover crops with non-leguminous plants had the satisfactory results. http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3311-en.pdf 2024-10-01 53 68 10.47176/jcpp.14.3.38321 Soil pH Soil organic carbon Soil elements Cyperus esculentus Glycyrrhiza glabra B. Ashena poryaashena4@gmail.com 1 Respectively, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. AUTHOR Gh. Mohammadi gr_mohammadi@razi.ac.ir 2 Respectively, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. AUTHOR F. Mondani farzad_mondani@yahoo.com 3 Respectively, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. AUTHOR P. Boroumandan boroomandan@gmail.com 4 Respectively, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. AUTHOR

OTHERS_CITABLE کمبود منابع آبی و افزایش شوری از عوامل محدودکننده تولید گندم در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک است. به منظور بررسی واکنش به شوری سه رقم گندم زودرس دیم با یک رقم آبی منطقه، یک آزمایش مزرعه‌ای به صورت اسپلیت پلات و در سه تکرار در سال زراعی 1400-1399 در استان یزد انجام شد. تیمارها شامل شوری آب آبیاری در دو سطح 2/5  (غیرشور) و 10 (شور) دسی‌زیمنس برمتر در کرت‌های اصلی و سه رقم دیم آسمان، آفتاب و کوهدشت به همراه رقم آبی برزگر در کرت‌های فرعی بودند. گیاهان پس از کاشت با تیمارهای شوری آبیاری شدند و با رسیدن فیزیولوژیک ارقام دیم، آبیاری قطع شد. نتایج نشان داد که تأثیر شوری بر عملکرد دانه و شاخص گلوتن معنی‌دار بود. درصد پروتئین دانه تحت تأثیر تیمار شوری قرار نگرفت. میزان عملکرد دانه ارقام آفتاب، آسمان، برزگر و کوهدشت در شرایط شور به ترتیب 527، 362 ، 447، و 207 گرم در مترمربع بود که در مقایسه با شرایط غیر شور به ترتیب 25، 33، 12 و 55 درصد کمتر بود. رقم دیم آفتاب بیشترین عملکرد دانه به میزان 617/1 گرم در مترمربع را تولید نمود. عملکرد دانه برزگر، آسمان و کوهدشت به ترتیب به میزان 23، 27 و 46 درصد کمتر از آفتاب بود. به دلیل قطع آبیاری و عدم تکمیل دوره رشد، برزگر کمترین میزان وزن هزاردانه را در هر دو شرایط داشت. بیشترین وزن هکتولیتر و شاخص گلوتن در هر دو شرایط مربوط به آفتاب بود. متوسط پروتئین دانه ارقام در هر دو شرایط بدون تفاوت معنی‌دار در حدود 11/4 درصد بود. با توجه به این نتایج و در شرایط مشابه با این آزمایش، رقم آفتاب می‌تواند کاندید مناسبی برای توصیه در مناطقی باشد که منابع آبی محدود و شور هستند. ضمن اینکه صفت زودرسی می‌تواند به عنوان یک فاکتور موثر در انتخاب ارقام مناسب مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک بدون توجه به شوری قرار بگیرد. http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3248-fa.pdf 2024-10-01 69 83 10.47176/jcpp.14.3.30701 پروتئین دانه رقم آفتاب شاخص گلوتن قطع آبیاری Scarce water resources and raising salinity are limiting factors affecting wheat production in arid and semi-arid regions. Many studies have been conducted to release appropriate wheat cultivars for saline and non-saline conditions. But due to the co-existence of drought and salinity stress in arid and semi-arid regions, it is necessary to introduce cultivars that could tolerate salt under water shortage conditions. Results of the studies conducted at the Iranian Dryland Agricultural Research Institute have led to introduction of wheat cultivars with low water requirements due to early maturity. So, if the yield of these cultivars be optimum in saline media, they could be a suitable option for planting in these conditions. The objective of the study was to evaluate the salinity response of three dryland wheat cultivars in water limitation conditions compared to the local check. Materials and Methods To investigate the response to salinity of three early ripening dryland wheat cultivars along with a commercial irrigated wheat variety cultivated in the region, a field experiment was carried out as split plot during the 2020-2021 cropping season in Yazd province, central Iran. Treatments were irrigation water salinity with two levels of 2.5 and 10 dS m-1 as main plots, and three dryland cultivars of Asman, Aftab, and Kohdasht along with the irrigated cultivar of Barzegar as sub plots. All examined cultivars were planted on November 15. Row spacing was 20 cm with a planting density of 500 kernels/m2. The plots were subjected to saline irrigation water for 7 times from seeding to physiological maturity, and the irrigation was cut-off when physiological maturity occurred in dryland cultivars. Total water consumed throughout the growing period was 7794.8 m3 ha-1. Leaf area index was measured by sampling at plant establishment, tillering, mid-stem elongation, spike emergence, and kernel milky and dough stages. At harvesting, total above-ground dry mass and grain yield, harvest index, plant height and thousand kernel weight were measured. The grain quality attributes including hectoliter weight, protein content, zeleny sedimentation volume, bread volume, hardness index, flour water absorption, wet gluten percent, gluten index and sedimentation height were also measured. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 software, and the means were compared using the LSD test at the 5% probability level. Results and Discussion Results showed that the effect of salinity on grain yield and gluten index was significant. Grain protein content was not affected by salinity. The grain yields of Aftab, Aseman, Barzegar and Kohdasht cultivars in saline conditions were 527, 363, 447, and 207 g m-2, respectively; indicating 25, 33, 12 and 55% decreases compared to non-saline conditions. Literature generally confirms 15-30% decreases in wheat grain yield under irrigation with saline water of 8-10 dS m-1. Aftab as a dryland variety produced the highest grain yield, i.e. 617 g m-2. The grain yields of Barzegar, Aseman and Kohdasht were 23, 27 and 46% lower compared to Aftab, respectively. Due to irrigation cut-off and failure to complete the growth period, Barzegar had the lowest thousand kernel weight under both saline and non-saline conditions. The highest hectoliter weight and gluten index were observed in Aftab under both conditions. Grain protein was not affected by the irrigation water salinities. The value for grain protein content of the cultivars was around 11.45% without significant difference in both non-saline and saline conditions. The amount of leaf area index for all cultivars was lower in saline conditions than the non-saline conditions. Irrigation with saline water decreased the leaf area index of Aftab, Aseman, and Kohdasht cultivars by 41, 30, and 52% compared to non-saline condition, respectively. As the leaf area index has a major role in current photosynthesis for assimilate partitioning, its decrease leads to a decrease in plant above-ground dry mass, harvest index, and finally grain yield. Conclusions Based on the results, Barzegar as local check suffered more damage from drought stress in both saline and non-saline conditions due to its late maturity. Therefore, under similar situation, Aftab cultivar could be a suitable candidate for areas where water resources are both scarce and saline. In addition, early wheat varieties may be considered as an effective factor in selecting suitable cultivars for arid and semi-arid regions, regardless of salinity.   http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3248-en.pdf 2024-10-01 69 83 10.47176/jcpp.14.3.30701 Aftab cultivar Gluten index Grain protein Irrigation cut-off Gh. Ranjbar ranjbar71@gmail.com 1 , Respectively, National Salinity Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Yazd, Iran. AUTHOR S. Golkari sgolkari@yahoo.com 2 , Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. AUTHOR F. Dehghani dehghany47@gmail.com 3 , Respectively, National Salinity Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Yazd, Iran. AUTHOR V. Soltani Gerdfaramarzi valisoltani1355@gmail.com 4 , Respectively, National Salinity Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Yazd, Iran. AUTHOR M.H. Rahimian mhrahimian@gmail.com 5 , Respectively, National Salinity Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Yazd, Iran. AUTHOR

OTHERS_CITABLE جهت مطالعه تأثیرگونه های قارچ میکوریزا آربوسکولار بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد، رنگیزه های فتوسنتزی و میزان پرولین گندم زراعی (.Triticum aestivum L) در رژیم های مختلف آبیاری، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد میاندوآب در سال 1400 اجرا شد. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل کاربرد گونه های قارچ میکوریزا آربسکولار در سه سطح شاهد (بدون تلقیح)، تلقیح با گونه Glomus mosseae و تلقیح با گونه  Glomus intraradices و رژیم های آبیاری با دور 6، 13 و 20 روز بودند. نتایج نشان داد تعداد سنبله، تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، شاخص برداشت،  شاخص سبزینگی، رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی و محتوای پرولین تحت تأثیر تیمارهای دور آبیاری و قارچ میکوریزا قرار گرفتند. گونه G. mosseae تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، شاخص برداشت و میزان کلروفیل bرادر مقایسه با گونه G. intraradices به ترتیب 5/21، 9/73، 8/86، 6/96 و 4/08 درصد و در مقایسه با شاهد به ترتیب 29/9، 30/3، 39/7، 27/9 و 21/4 درصد افزایش داد. بیشترین تعداد سنبله در بوته، عملکرد دانه، شاخص سبزینگی و میزان کلروفیل a در اثر متقابل دور آبیاری 6 روز و تلقیح با گونه G. mosseae   به ترتیب 6/34 عدد،612 گرم در مترمربع، 62/9 واحد اسپد و 0/31 میلی گرم بر گرم وزن تر بود که با اثر متقابل دور آبیاری 13 روز و تلقیح باG. mosseae  از لحاظ آماری تفاوتی معنی داری مشاهده نشد. طبق نتایج این تحقیق، استفاده از گونه G. mosseae   در شرایط دور آبیاری 13 روز برای رسیدن به عملکرد مطلوب و همچنین استفاده بهینه از آب مصرفی در زراعت گندم مناسب است. http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3224-fa.pdf 2024-10-01 85 100 10.47176/jcpp.14.3.37661 تنش آبی شاخص برداشت وزن دانه کلروفیل کود Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the oldest and most widely used crops in the world and is the most important source of human food that grows in a wide range of climatic conditions in the world. In arid and semi-arid regions, water is the main limitation. Iran is a dry and semi-arid country with limited precipitations. Therefore, the mean annual rainfall in Iran is even less than one third of the global average. There are many solutions for sustainability in agriculture, one of which is the use of biological fertilizers. Among these biofertilizers are mycorrhizal fungi. The symbiotic relationship between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and the roots of the host plant significantly increases the growth and absorption of plant nutrients. In this research, the aim is to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on improving the yield, yield components, and chlorophyll index of wheat by applying water deficit stress through increasing the interval of irrigation cycles. Materials and Methods This factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design in four replications in the research farm of the Azad Islamic University of Miandoab, northwestern Iran in  2021. The experimental factors included the application of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus species in three levels, control (without inoculation), inoculation with Glomus mosseae and inoculation with Glomus intraradices and three levels of irrigation regimes (i.e. irrigation after every 6, 13 and 20 days). Seeds of Elvand wheat cultivar were inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus, then the inoculated seeds were immediately planted into a depth of 3. Before planting, 15 tons/ha of manure and 25 kig of nitrogen fertilizer in the form of urea were uniformly applied to the soil. During the growing season, 50 kg of nitrogen fertilizer in the form of urea was used during the two stages of stem growth and spike formation. To measure wheat grain yield components, 10 plants were harvested and to determine grain yield and plant above-ground dry mass, 0.25 m-2 was taken from each plot. In this way, after removing two rows from each side and half a meter from the beginning and end of all rows as a margin, sampling of experimental units was done. The evaluated traits included the spikes/plant, grains/spike, the thousand-grain weight, plant aboveground dry mass, grain yield, harvest index, and greenness index. Results and Discussion Results indicated that the effect of irrigation intervals and mycorrhiza fungus were significant for grains/spike, thousand-grain weight, grain yield, above-ground dry mass, harvest index, chlorophyll index, photosynthetic pigments and proline concentrations. G. mosseae species increased the grains/spike,  thousand-grain weight, above-ground dry mass, harvest index, and chlorophyll concentration compared to G. intraradices species by 5.21, 9.73, 8.86, 6.96 and 4.08% and increased the above-mentioned attributes compared to the control by 29.94, 30.28, 39.68, 27.90 and 21.43%, respectively. The highest spikes/plant, grain yield, chlorophyll index and concentration of chlorophyll a belonged to irrigation interval of 6 days and inoculation with G. mosseae species with 6.34, 612.45 g m-2, 62.89 SPAD unit, and 0.306 mg g-1 FW, respectively.  Prolongation of irrigation interval by creating water deficit stress caused the sterility of the spikes and significantly reduced the grains/spikes. The irrigation regime had a significant effect on the grain yield and by reducing the irrigation intervals, the grain yield was increased. The drought-induced decrease in grain yield stemmed from the decrease in green index, chlorophyll concentration, spikes/plant and grains/spike, leading to decrease in the harvest index. With increase in the irrigation interval, the concentration of chlorophyll a and b decreased, but the mycorrhizal inoculation led to significant increase in the concentration of chlorophyll a and b under water deficit stress. The plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus suffered less from water deficit stress than the non-colonized plants, and as a result, the concentration of proline increased less compared to the plants deprived from mycorrhizal fungus. According to these results, irrigation of wheat plants every 13 days and application of G. mosseae can produce the desirable grain yield, while decreasing water consumption for wheat production.   Conclusions Mycorrhizal fungus increased the plant's resistance to drought stress by improving the absorption of water and nutrients under water stress deficit. G. mosseae was more effective in increasing the resistance of wheat against water deficit stress and as a result, it increased the grain yield, yield components, chlorophyll index and chlorophyll concentration of wheat to a greater extent compared to G. intraradices. In order to make the best use of water resources and soil nutrients, irrigation of wheat should be done every 13 days and must be accompanied by inoculation with G. mosseae to achieve an acceptable grain yield. http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3224-en.pdf 2024-10-01 85 100 10.47176/jcpp.14.3.37661 Chlorophyll Fertilizer Harvest index grain weight Water stress F. Sorkhi fsrsorkh@gmail.com 1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Miandoab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Miandoab, Iran AUTHOR M. Fateh m_fateh614@yahoo.com 2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Miandoab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Miandoab, Iran. AUTHOR R. Rostami rrostami872@gmail.com 3 Department of Irrigation, Miandoab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Miandoab, Iran. AUTHOR