H. Pourhadi, N. Hadavand, H. Kazem Aslani,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (8-2021)
Abstract
Using of nitrogen fertilizers may increase the photosynthesis and yield of crop plants. Hence, we investigated the effect of chemical nitrogen and rhizobium fertilizers on the photosynthesis and yield components of red beans (Sayad cultivar) in an experiment as a randomized complete block design with 4 replications in Al-Mahdi town, Azna, Iran. The treatments included zero (control), 100 and 200 kg ha-1 of urea and rhizobium, and rhizobium + 30 and 50 kg ha-1 of urea. The results of this experiment showed that the effect of fertilizer treatments was significant on leaf area index, level, efficiency and contribution of current photosynthesis, level, efficiency and contribution of remobilization, dry weight in pre-flowering and maturing stages and grain yield and its components. The chemical fertilizer and rhizobium application increased the amount of all the above traits except for the contribution of current photosynthesis. There was a strong correlation between grain yield and the level, efficiency and contribution of current photosynthesis and the level, efficiency and contribution of current of remobilization. The examined wide range of nitrogen fertilizers were potent to increase the photoassimilates production and, hence, yield and yield components of red bean in this region.
H. Pourhadian, N. Hadavand, H. Kazem Aslani,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of planting arrangement on growth indices and grain yield of a red bean cultivar (Sayyad cultivar), The experiment was conducted in a split-plot randomized complete block design with 4 replications in Jihad Agricultural Services Center of Al-Mahdi town, Azna. The main factor consisted three row spacings including 20, 30 and 45 cm and the sub-factor consisted three densities including 40, 50, and 60 plants m-2. The results showed that by reducing the row spacing dry matter accumulation, CGR and LAI at different periods of growth and grain yield increased. However, changing the row spacing did not have a significant effect on RGR and NAR. With increasing plant density, the dry matter accumulation, CGR and LAI over the course of plant development, RGR and NAR in reproductive stage and thus grain yield increased. Plant density had no significant effect on RGR and NAR in vegetative growth stage and maximum NAR. Considering the increase in most traits in the row spacing of 20 cm and a density of 60 plants m-2, this type of planting arrangement might be suitable for cultivation of red been under similar environmental conditions in Azna, Lorestan, Iran.
H. Pourhadian, N. Hadavand, M. Khalili, H. Kazem Aslani,
Volume 14, Issue 4 (12-2024)
Abstract
Introduction
Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are one of the most important sources of protein and minerals for humans, and their residues and straw are also rich in nutrients necessary for animal nutrition. This plant species plays an important role in sustainable agriculture due to its morphological characteristics and nitrogen fixation. Crop husbandry practices are very important in maximizing plant’s access to environmental factors and hence its yield potential. Among the most important crop management practices is weed management. Weed control practices such as using optimal planting density and weeding at the right time are more appropriate particularly in terms of minimizing pesticide applications and hence achieving sustainable agriculture. In addition to reducing the quantity and quality of grain yield of beans, weeds cause problems in planting, maintaining, and harvesting operations of this plant. It has been reported that the lack of weed management and control may cause grain yield reductions of up to 83% in beans, as weeds outcompete the weed crop in accessing water, nutrients, and light.
Materials and Methods
This research was conducted in Agriculture Center of Al-Mahdi town, Azna, Lorestan Province, west of Iran as a factorial experiment in randomized complete blocks design ith three replications in 2011. Experimental treatments included weeding factor at six levels of: 0 (no weeding), 14, 28, 42 and 56 days after crop emergence (DAE), and complete weeding during the growth period and the planting density at two levels: 40 and 50 plants/m2 of red beans (Sayyad cultivar(. The land had been left fallowed the year before planting. After moldboard-plowing and disc-harrowing the land, seeds were planted into a depth of 5 cm in plots of 3 × 3 m. Irrigation was carried out during the growing period of beans by flooding method, every 5 to 7 days according to the environmental conditions. Fertilizers were used as 100 kg ha-1 triple superphosphate and 50 kg/ha urea before planting and also at 50 kg ha-1 urea as top-dressing at the beginning of flowering. The evaluated traits included plant height (cm), days to physiological maturity, pods/plant, grains/m2, grains/pod, branches/plant, 100-grain weight (g), plant above-ground dry weight (g/m2), grain yield (g/m2), harvest index (%), yield loss due to weed competition (%). SAS statistical software was used to analyze the data and LSD test was used to compare means of main effects and interactions.
Results and Discussion
The effect of experimental factors on all measured traits in red beans (Sayyad cultivar( was significant. Among the weeding treatments, besides complete weeding, the most desirable values of measured traits including plant height, days to physiological maturity, pods/plant, 100-grain weight, plant above-ground dry mass, grain yield and yield loss due to weed competition were obtained in weeding at 28 DAE. However, the highest grains/pod and harvest index were obtained in weeding at 42 and 56 DAE, respectively. Increasing planting density increased the plant height, plant above-ground dry mass, grains/m2, and grain yield, despite decreasing the remaining traits. The interaction effect of planting density and weeding time were significant on branches/plant, grains/m2 and grain yield. The highest branches/plant (4.8) was obtained in weeding at 28 DAE and planting at 40 plants/m2, the highest grains/m2 (1815) and grain yield (3869 kg/ha) were observed when weeding was done in 28 DAE and planting was done in 40 plants/m2. The correlation coefficients of grain yield with grains/m2, 100-grains weight, pods/plant and grains/pod were 0.88**, 0.85**, 0.79** and 0.40*, respectively, indicating a greater role of grains/m2 in regulating grain yield than other yield components. Therefore, crop management practices toward appropriate time of weeding and planting density will guarantee a maximum grain yield of bean, at leat when Sayyad cultivar is cultivated in Azna region.
Conclusions
Our results suggested that weeding time and planting density are crucial in obtaining acceptable grain yield in red bean (Sayyad cultivar). With weeding at 28 DAE and planting at 50 plants/m2, it is possible to obtain 82% of grain yield obtainable in complete weeding and achieve the appropriate productivity of red bean cultivation in Azna.
