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Shahbazian F, Jahanbin S, Khoshroo A, Latifmanesh H, Alahdadi H. Effects of Golden Bio-Phosphate Fertilizer and Mineral Phosphorus on Quantitative and Qualitative Performance and Energy Efficiency Indices of Two Pinto Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivars. Journal of Crop Production and Processing 2026; 16 (2) :19-36
URL: http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3402-en.html
URL: http://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3402-en.html
Fereshteh Shahbazian * 
, Shahrokh Jahanbin , Alireza Khoshroo , Hojatollah Latifmanesh , Hamid Alahdadi
, Shahrokh Jahanbin , Alireza Khoshroo , Hojatollah Latifmanesh , Hamid Alahdadi
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran. , somayeh602@gmail.com
Abstract: (13 Views)
Extended Abstract:
Introduction: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important grain legumes in human nutrition and agricultural systems of Iran, owing to its high protein and carbohydrate content as well as its ability to symbiotically fix atmospheric nitrogen. This crop plays a significant role in cropping patterns of semi-arid and temperate regions. However, achieving high yield and desirable grain quality in common bean is strongly dependent on appropriate nutrient management. Phosphorus is a vital macronutrient involved in key physiological processes such as energy transfer (ATP), root development, photosynthesis, and reproductive growth. In the calcareous soils of Iran, a considerable proportion of applied phosphorus becomes chemically fixed by calcium, iron, and aluminum compounds, thereby reducing its availability to plants and decreasing the efficiency of chemical phosphorus fertilizers such as triple superphosphate. Although chemical phosphorus fertilizers can partially alleviate phosphorus deficiency, their long-term application may lead to reduced fertilizer use efficiency, increased production costs, soil degradation, and environmental pollution. In this context, the use of bio-phosphorus fertilizers such as Bio-Phosphate Gold, containing sulfur-oxidizing bacteria of the genus Thiobacillus, has gained attention as a sustainable alternative. These microorganisms enhance phosphorus solubility and availability through rhizosphere acidification and the production of organic and mineral acids. Integrating bio-phosphorus fertilizers with mineral phosphorus sources may improve phosphorus uptake, crop performance, grain quality, and energy-use efficiency. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of integrated chemical and biological phosphorus nutrition on yield, yield components, grain quality, and energy efficiency indices of two common bean cultivars
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted at the research farm of Yasouj University, Yasuj, southwest of iran, using a split-plot arrangement within a randomized complete block design with three replications. Phosphorus fertilization treatments were assigned to main plots and consisted of seven levels: control without phosphorus fertilizer (T1); application of 100 and 200 kg ha-1 triple superphosphate (T2 and T3); application of 300 kg ha-1 Bio-Phosphate Gold combined with 3,600 and 7,200 g ha-1 Thiobacillus bacteria (T4 and T5); and two integrated treatments, T2+T4 and T2+T5. Two common bean cultivars (namely, Sadri and E10) were allocated to subplots. Measured traits included soil pH, leaf and grain phosphorus content, plant length, pods/plant, grains/plant, 100-seed weight, grain yield, plant aboveground dry mass, and harvest index. Grain quality parameters including grain starch, sugars, and protein concentrations were also determined. Energy indices—energy use efficiency, energy productivity, and net energy—were calculated based on total energy inputs and outputs. Data were statistically analyzed using SAS software (version 9.1), and mean comparisons were performed using the LSD test at the 5% probability level.
Results and Discussion: The results indicated that integrated chemical and biological phosphorus fertilization significantly affected all measured traits. The lowest soil pH was observed in the combined treatment T2+T5, showing a 26.5% reduction compared with the control. This decrease in soil pH can be attributed to the activity of Thiobacillus
bacteria and the production of organic and mineral acids, which improved rhizosphere chemical conditions and enhanced phosphorus availability. The highest leaf and grain phosphorus contents were recorded in treatments T2+T5 and T2+T4, respectively, representing increases of 200% and 143% compared with the control. Improved phosphorus nutrition was directly reflected in enhanced yield components, as the T2+T5 treatment resulted in the highest pods/plant, grains/plant, and 100-seed weight. These improvements ultimately led to significant increases in grain yield (87.62%) and harvest index (36.47%) relative to the control. From a quality perspective, grain starch and sugars concentrations were also positively influenced by integrated phosphorus fertilization, indicating enhanced synthesis and accumulation of photosynthates in the grain. Energy indices were significantly affected by fertilization treatments, with the highest energy use efficiency, energy productivity, and net energy obtained under the T2+T5 treatment. These findings demonstrate that integrated phosphorus nutrition not only enhances yield performance but also improves the efficiency of energy-intensive agricultural inputs. Furthermore, cultivar comparisons revealed that the Sadri cultivar outperformed E10 in most yield-related, quality, and energy traits, which may be attributed to its superior genetic capacity for phosphorus uptake and utilization.
Conclusions: Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that integrating chemical phosphorus fertilizer (triple superphosphate) with biological phosphorus fertilizer (Bio-Phosphate Gold containing Thiobacillus bacteria) is an effective strategy for improving phosphorus nutrition, enhancing grain yield and quality, and optimizing energy efficiency in common bean cultivation. The combined treatment T2+T5 proved to be the most effective, as it reduced soil pH, increased phosphorus uptake, and achieved the highest yield and energy productivity. Moreover, selecting an appropriate cultivar, particularly the Sadri cultivar, in conjunction with integrated phosphorus management can serve as a sustainable approach to improving productivity, reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers, and minimizing environmental impacts in common bean production systems.
Introduction: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important grain legumes in human nutrition and agricultural systems of Iran, owing to its high protein and carbohydrate content as well as its ability to symbiotically fix atmospheric nitrogen. This crop plays a significant role in cropping patterns of semi-arid and temperate regions. However, achieving high yield and desirable grain quality in common bean is strongly dependent on appropriate nutrient management. Phosphorus is a vital macronutrient involved in key physiological processes such as energy transfer (ATP), root development, photosynthesis, and reproductive growth. In the calcareous soils of Iran, a considerable proportion of applied phosphorus becomes chemically fixed by calcium, iron, and aluminum compounds, thereby reducing its availability to plants and decreasing the efficiency of chemical phosphorus fertilizers such as triple superphosphate. Although chemical phosphorus fertilizers can partially alleviate phosphorus deficiency, their long-term application may lead to reduced fertilizer use efficiency, increased production costs, soil degradation, and environmental pollution. In this context, the use of bio-phosphorus fertilizers such as Bio-Phosphate Gold, containing sulfur-oxidizing bacteria of the genus Thiobacillus, has gained attention as a sustainable alternative. These microorganisms enhance phosphorus solubility and availability through rhizosphere acidification and the production of organic and mineral acids. Integrating bio-phosphorus fertilizers with mineral phosphorus sources may improve phosphorus uptake, crop performance, grain quality, and energy-use efficiency. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of integrated chemical and biological phosphorus nutrition on yield, yield components, grain quality, and energy efficiency indices of two common bean cultivars
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted at the research farm of Yasouj University, Yasuj, southwest of iran, using a split-plot arrangement within a randomized complete block design with three replications. Phosphorus fertilization treatments were assigned to main plots and consisted of seven levels: control without phosphorus fertilizer (T1); application of 100 and 200 kg ha-1 triple superphosphate (T2 and T3); application of 300 kg ha-1 Bio-Phosphate Gold combined with 3,600 and 7,200 g ha-1 Thiobacillus bacteria (T4 and T5); and two integrated treatments, T2+T4 and T2+T5. Two common bean cultivars (namely, Sadri and E10) were allocated to subplots. Measured traits included soil pH, leaf and grain phosphorus content, plant length, pods/plant, grains/plant, 100-seed weight, grain yield, plant aboveground dry mass, and harvest index. Grain quality parameters including grain starch, sugars, and protein concentrations were also determined. Energy indices—energy use efficiency, energy productivity, and net energy—were calculated based on total energy inputs and outputs. Data were statistically analyzed using SAS software (version 9.1), and mean comparisons were performed using the LSD test at the 5% probability level.
Results and Discussion: The results indicated that integrated chemical and biological phosphorus fertilization significantly affected all measured traits. The lowest soil pH was observed in the combined treatment T2+T5, showing a 26.5% reduction compared with the control. This decrease in soil pH can be attributed to the activity of Thiobacillus
bacteria and the production of organic and mineral acids, which improved rhizosphere chemical conditions and enhanced phosphorus availability. The highest leaf and grain phosphorus contents were recorded in treatments T2+T5 and T2+T4, respectively, representing increases of 200% and 143% compared with the control. Improved phosphorus nutrition was directly reflected in enhanced yield components, as the T2+T5 treatment resulted in the highest pods/plant, grains/plant, and 100-seed weight. These improvements ultimately led to significant increases in grain yield (87.62%) and harvest index (36.47%) relative to the control. From a quality perspective, grain starch and sugars concentrations were also positively influenced by integrated phosphorus fertilization, indicating enhanced synthesis and accumulation of photosynthates in the grain. Energy indices were significantly affected by fertilization treatments, with the highest energy use efficiency, energy productivity, and net energy obtained under the T2+T5 treatment. These findings demonstrate that integrated phosphorus nutrition not only enhances yield performance but also improves the efficiency of energy-intensive agricultural inputs. Furthermore, cultivar comparisons revealed that the Sadri cultivar outperformed E10 in most yield-related, quality, and energy traits, which may be attributed to its superior genetic capacity for phosphorus uptake and utilization.
Conclusions: Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that integrating chemical phosphorus fertilizer (triple superphosphate) with biological phosphorus fertilizer (Bio-Phosphate Gold containing Thiobacillus bacteria) is an effective strategy for improving phosphorus nutrition, enhancing grain yield and quality, and optimizing energy efficiency in common bean cultivation. The combined treatment T2+T5 proved to be the most effective, as it reduced soil pH, increased phosphorus uptake, and achieved the highest yield and energy productivity. Moreover, selecting an appropriate cultivar, particularly the Sadri cultivar, in conjunction with integrated phosphorus management can serve as a sustainable approach to improving productivity, reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers, and minimizing environmental impacts in common bean production systems.
Keywords: Energy productivity, Integrated phosphorus nutrition, Energy use efficiency, Grain carbohydrate, Grain starch
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